Clarifying the Effects of Parental Substance Abuse, Child Sexual Abuse, and Parental Caregiving on Adult Adjustment

Parental alcoholism, childhood sexual abuse, and other forms of child maltreatment are generally viewed as contributing to adult adjustment problems. The long-term effects of these various factors, however, are actually not well understood. The present study found that the largest amount of variance in 255 college students\u27 psychological distress was explained by parental emotional abuse and neglect, with child sexual abuse, parental substance abuse, and other factors explaining additional but smaller amounts of variance in distress. This suggests that comprehensive conceptualizations of family influences on development will result in a more complete understanding of long-term adjustment outcomes than merely focusing on particular childhood risk factors

Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Pelecehan Seksual Pada Anak (Studi Kasus pada Anak Laki-laki Korban Pelecehan Seksual)

This study uses qualitative methods with a case study approach. Case study on boys victims of sexual abuse. This study aims to understand in depth about the risk factors for child sexual abuse. Informants in this study were divided into main informants and supporting informants who were selected by purposive sampling. The main informant in this study was a boy who had been a victim of sexual abuse through technology and the supporting informant in this study was a companion to the law of child sexual abuse cases. Data collection used in the study using interviews supported by documentation studies. The results of this study illustrate that the risk factors for sexual harassment occur in individuals, families, and neighborhoods. In addition to the risk factors there are also impacts and ways to sexually abuse. The conclusion of this study shows that the risk factors at the individual level are age and character of children. Family factors include parents, siblings, bad interactions between parents and children, and poor family functions. Then the risk factors in the living environment are conditions of socio-economic status, low education level, and people living in the surrounding environment. While the impact of sexual harassment is on cognition, socio emotional, and physical. The method of sexual harassment by physical and verbal contact. Keywords: Risk factors, sexual abuse, and chil

Child sexual abuse in Fiji : authority, risk factors and responses

While child sexual abuse is a problem worldwide, the risk factors for the perpetration of child sexual abuse within Fiji are unique in their relation to the traditional and communal nature of Fijian society. In this article, culturally relevant dynamic risk factors found within contemporary Fijian society are identified and understood alongside static factors contributing to abuse. Although there have been recent changes to sexual offence legislation and traditional criminal justice system responses to victims of sexual abuse, statesanctioned responses continue to maintain victimising practices. Equally, the relative rural isolation means many Indigenous Fijian (iTaukei) communities continue to use customarycrestorative justice practices that may marginalise the rehabilitation of victims and offenders for the communities’ benefit. However, a culturally specific amalgamation of traditional criminal justice and customary restorative responses may help to create more holistic protection for survivors of child sexual abuse in Fiji

Factors Associated with Return to a Child Advocacy Center for a Subsequent Sexual Abuse Allegation: A Longitudinal Analysis

Child sexual abuse is a widespread problem impacting substantial numbers of youth (Finkelhor, Shattuck, Turner, & Hamby, 2014). There are many factors that make telling someone about sexual abuse difficult for children, which can mean disclosures are delayed and children are at-risk longer. After initial victimization, there is increased risk for children to experience subsequent sexual abuse victimization (Pittenger, Pogue, & Hansen, 2018). Using the framework of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, the present study examined predictors to distinguish children who are at the highest risk of returning to a Child Advocacy Center (CAC) for a subsequent sexual abuse referral. It also explored factors predicting that children will disclose sexual abuse or present with corroborating evidence of abuse. The bioecological model includes person-specific factors, microsystem (e.g., family) factors, and exosystem (e.g., community) factors. Case files of 4,971 youth who presented to a CAC for an initial sexual abuse referral between 2002 and 2012 were examined to identify factors across contextual levels. Almost one in five children experienced a subsequent sexual abuse referral and returned before 2017. Across all contextual levels, the following factors were associated with a return to the CAC: younger age, female gender, a mental health diagnosis, family history of substance abuse and/or domestic violence, mental health treatment, and lower neighborhood income. Predictors of disclosing abuse during the forensic interview included: older age, female gender, a mental health disorder, nonfamilial perpetrator, familial substance abuse and/or domestic violence, and therapeutic involvement. This study adds to the literature on child sexual abuse victimization and disclosure rates in addition to identifying factors that can be used to determine a child’s risk level for subsequent referrals. If the highest-risk children are identified and interventions are provided to mitigate risk, the need for subsequent referrals may decrease. The implications for CACs are discussed as well as techniques which have been developed and show promise at assisting children to disclose abuse (e.g., extended forensic interviews). Adviser: David J. Hanse

Factors Associated with Return to a Child Advocacy Center for a Subsequent Sexual Abuse Allegation: A Longitudinal Analysis

Child sexual abuse is a widespread problem impacting substantial numbers of youth (Finkelhor, Shattuck, Turner, & Hamby, 2014). There are many factors that make telling someone about sexual abuse difficult for children, which can mean disclosures are delayed and children are at-risk longer. After initial victimization, there is increased risk for children to experience subsequent sexual abuse victimization (Pittenger, Pogue, & Hansen, 2018). Using the framework of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, the present study examined predictors to distinguish children who are at the highest risk of returning to a Child Advocacy Center (CAC) for a subsequent sexual abuse referral. It also explored factors predicting that children will disclose sexual abuse or present with corroborating evidence of abuse. The bioecological model includes person-specific factors, microsystem (e.g., family) factors, and exosystem (e.g., community) factors. Case files of 4,971 youth who presented to a CAC for an initial sexual abuse referral between 2002 and 2012 were examined to identify factors across contextual levels. Almost one in five children experienced a subsequent sexual abuse referral and returned before 2017. Across all contextual levels, the following factors were associated with a return to the CAC: younger age, female gender, a mental health diagnosis, family history of substance abuse and/or domestic violence, mental health treatment, and lower neighborhood income. Predictors of disclosing abuse during the forensic interview included: older age, female gender, a mental health disorder, nonfamilial perpetrator, familial substance abuse and/or domestic violence, and therapeutic involvement. This study adds to the literature on child sexual abuse victimization and disclosure rates in addition to identifying factors that can be used to determine a child’s risk level for subsequent referrals. If the highest-risk children are identified and interventions are provided to mitigate risk, the need for subsequent referrals may decrease. The implications for CACs are discussed as well as techniques which have been developed and show promise at assisting children to disclose abuse (e.g., extended forensic interviews). Adviser: David J. Hanse

Child and Family Factors Associated With Child Maltreatment in Vietnam

This study aims to explore possible risk factors for child maltreatment in Vietnam by investigating the association of child and family factors with different types of child maltreatment (i.e., sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, witnessing parental conflict, and neglect) and the occurrence of multiple types of child maltreatment. Cross-sectional data of 1,851 secondary and high school students aged 12 to 17 years (47.3% boys) in four provinces of Northern Vietnam were obtained using self-report questionnaires. Results indicated that the likelihood of emotional abuse, witnessing parental conflict, and experiencing multiple types of child maltreatment during lifetime increased with age. Boys had a higher risk than girls on lifetime sexual abuse, and past year and lifetime physical abuse. Living in a single parent family was the risk factor related to most types of child maltreatment including lifetime sexual abuse, neglect, and multiple types of child maltreatment, and both past year and lifetime witnessing parental conflict. Interestingly, low socioeconomic status (SES) and parental unemployment were associated with a decreased risk on experiencing emotional abuse in the past year and during lifetime, respectively. “Tiger parenting,” a parenting style observed frequently in East Asian parents, may be more common in families with high SES and might explain this finding. This study highlights the importance of prioritizing single parent families in parenting programs and implementing child maltreatment interventions early because of the risk on child maltreatment increased with age. More research on emotional abuse and “Tiger parenting” in Vietnam could clarify the association of emotional abuse with high SES and parental employment. Finally, the underlying mechanisms of the risk factors in Vietnam should be studied more to inform interventions

Assessing the different dimensions and degrees of risk of child sexual abuse in institutions

This research report has been published by the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. It identifies four dimensions of risk of child sexual abuse in institutional settings: situational, vulnerability, propensity and institutional risks. It draws on the existing research to examine how risk factors might operate cumulatively in the context of institutions. It examines to what extent various risk factors are more likely to occur in some institutions or activities than in others

Investigating the effect of child maltreatment on early adolescent peer-on-peer sexual aggression: testing a multiple mediator model in a non-incarcerated sample of Danish adolescents

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between child maltreatment and severe early adolescent peer-on-peer sexual aggression, using a multiple mediator model. Methods: The study comprised 330 male Grade 9 students with a mean age of 14.9 years (SD=0.5). Results: Estimates from the mediation model indicated significant indirect effects of child physical abuse on sexual aggression via peer influence and insecure-hostile masculinity. No significant total effect of child sexual abuse and child neglect on sexual aggression was found. Conclusions: Findings of the present study identify risk factors that are potentially changeable and therefore of value in informing the design of prevention programs aiming at early adolescent peer-on-peer sexual aggression in at-risk youth

The Occurrence of Child Maltreatment and Revictimization Among Hispanic Women

The current study examines the prevalence rates of child multi-type maltreatment and adult revictimization among Hispanic women who have witnessed domestic violence and/or experienced sexual abuse or physical abuse as children. A sample of two hundred-forty-three undergraduate, Hispanic, female students completed measures of events occurring in childhood and adulthood, sexual experiences, substance use, acculturation status, and family characteristics. The results indicate that experiencing multiple forms of child abuse is fairly common, especially for women who report a history of child abuse. The results also suggest that experience of abuse as a child is significantly associated with experiencing physical or sexual assault in adulthood. Other risk factors that can influence the occurrence of multi-type maltreatment and adult revictimization are also discussed

Parental Risk and Protective Factors in Child Maltreatment: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

This study systematically reviews and synthesizes evidence on parental risk and protective factors along with identifying differences in the presence of these factors based on maltreatment type. In all, 68 quantitative, published, empirical studies were included from electronic databases for the systematic review. Quality appraisal did not exclude any studies and data were extracted from all. Results were narratively synthesized using the Risk and Resilience Ecological framework. The findings revealed more risk factors on the micro (individual and family) ecological level compared to mezzo and macro levels. At the micro level, findings mirror results of prior systematic reviews such as parental substance abuse, history of childhood maltreatment, and intimate partner violence (IPV). Social support was the most significant protective factor across all ecological levels and across all maltreatment types except child sexual abuse but differed in definition widely across studies. Physical abuse had the most risk factors unique to this type followed by neglect, and IPV was a common risk factor across all maltreatment types. Fewer studies on emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and protective factors were identified. The findings of this review delineated key parental risk and protective factors at various ecological levels along with associations between distinct factors and types of maltreatment. Interventions working with parents to reduce child maltreatment risk can use these findings to guide development of targeted programs for families based on risk and maltreatment type. For researchers, the findings can guide further investigation in under-researched areas of parental sexual and emotional abuse and protective factors